Physical activity could protect older adults from the effects of small areas of brain damage that can affect their movement abilities, according to a recent study.

Many older people have small areas of damage in their brains seen on magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) as white matter hyperintensities. Higher levels of this damage have been linked to more problems with movement, such as difficulty walking.

Researchers found that people who were the most physically active did not have a drop-off in their movement abilities, even when they had high levels of brain damage.

"These results underscore the importance of efforts to encourage a more active lifestyle in older people to prevent movement problems, which is a major public health challenge," researcher Debra A. Fleischman of Rush University Medical Center said in a statement. "Physical activity may create a 'reserve' that protects motor abilities against the effects of age-related brain damage."

For the study, researchers made 167 people with an average age of 80 wear movement monitors on their wrists for up to 11 days to measure both exercise and non-exercise activity. They also took 11 tests of their movement abilities. MRI scans were used to determine the volume of white matter hyperintensities in the brain.

Compared to those at the 50th percent in activity level measured using the movement monitors, those in the top 10 percent had activity equal to walking at 2.5 mph for an additional 1.5 hours each day.

For the people in the top 10 percent, having greater amounts of brain damage did not change their scores on the movement tests. But for those at the 50th percent activity level, having greater amounts of brain damage was associated with significantly lower scores on the movement tests. For all the participants, the average score on the movement tests was 1.04. For people at the 50th percent activity level, scores ranged from 1.16 for those with the lowest amount of brain damage to 0.9 for those with the highest amount of brain damage. The detrimental effect was even stronger for those with the lowest levels of physical activity.

Fleischman noted that the study does not determine whether physical activity causes people to preserve their movement abilities; it only shows the association.

The findings are detailed in the online issue of Neurology.